Apocalypsis Pauli
Standard abbreviation: Apoc. Paul.
Other titles: Revelation of Paul, Visio Pauli
Clavis numbers: ECCA 818; CANT 325
Category: Revelatory Dialogues
Related literature: Apocalypse of Peter, Apocalypse of the Virgin (Ethiopic); this work is not related to the Coptic Apocalypse of Paul.
Compiled by: Stephen C. E. Hopkins, University of Virginia
Citing this resource (using Chicago Manual of Style): Hopkins, Stephen C.E. “The Apocalypse of Paul.” e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR. https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/apocalypse-of-paul/.
Created January 2024.
1. SUMMARY
This apocalyptic vision, datable to the third century, begins with a frame narrative reporting the rediscovery of the vision, supposedly written by the Apostle Paul when he was taken up to the third heaven (see 2 Corinthians 2:12). During the reign of Theodosius (ca. 388), a man in Tarsus lived in the house that, tradition maintained, belonged to Paul in his lifetime. The man is told in a vision to break up the foundation of the house and publish a writing he will find there; he does so, and thus we read of Paul’s unutterable vision. After this prologue, probably an addition from the late fourth century, Paul narrates his vision in the first person. He is taken up and witnesses the appeal of various elements in creation that cry out to God against humanity’s sins. For instance, the stars lament having to witness human wickedness and ask God’s permission to destroy humanity “so that they may know that you alone are God.” God replies that he knows human sinfulness but that he forbears to give them time to convert and repent.
Next, Paul witnesses the daily report (around sunset) of guardian angels to God about human behavior, good and evil. He is then shown the terrifying angels that go to the sinner at death and the beautiful golden angels that go to the righteous at death. Paul learns about the judgment of the righteous and of the wicked, especially that one’s deeds will be seen by God upon death, and that souls are judged initially at death. While the righteous are welcomed into heaven, the wicked go to Tartarus to endure punishments until the Final Judgment. Paul is then taken up to the Third Heaven for his first vision of it and is met by a weeping elderly man, who turns out to be Enoch. Since he has not died, Enoch still awaits entry into Paradise. Paul next meets Elijah, who endures a similar condition. Paul then sees and hears things which the angel forbids him from repeating to any on earth, in accordance with 2 Corinthians 2:12. After this he is shown the Second Heaven and the city of Christ, which contains various symbolic divisions in it, from low to high—the righteous inhabit these places according to their purity, devotion, and virtue in life. Paul is taken on a tour of Hell, which contains stratified torments and punishments keyed to the sins of the wicked. Some, such as adulterers, are immersed in fire to varying depths. One who preached the word of God but did not follow it is seen with a demon who slices his lips with a razor blade. Nuns who broke their vows are thrown in a furnace. At horrific sights like these, Paul cries out in dismay, to which his guide replies, “Why do you weep? Are you more merciful than the Lord God who is blessed forever?” After this, Paul is guided to see sights seven times worse. They turn to the north of Hell, to a sealed well, the pit of Hell, where the very worst sinners are plunged into a hole. When the hole is unsealed, the stench is overwhelming, and this horror is reserved for those who deny Christ’s incarnation, those who deny that Mary bore him, or those who deny the legitimacy of the eucharist. Near this, Paul sees the worm that does not sleep and hears great gnashing of teeth in a place of extreme cold; he is told these are those who deny Christ’s resurrection. Paul and Michael the archangel both beg God to have mercy on these image bearers in Hell. Their joint plea moves Christ, who grants Sunday rest from these torments for the damned, so that even in Hell, God’s justice and mercy are proclaimed. In some versions, Paul is then taken back up for a second brief vision of Paradise before being returned to earth.
Despite skepticism expressed by early church authorities about the legitimacy of this text (such as Augustine and Sozomen and a proscription in the Gelasian Decree), Apoc. Paul proved to be almost universally popular and influential for late antique and medieval Christians, especially in the Latin dominant regions of the West and Northwest. It is worth noting the text’s thematic fixations on balance and symmetry between sin and the punishments assigned to sinners. The theme of Sunday Rest (refrigerium) was the seed of the medieval belief in purgatory and limbo. The text also fixates on divine punishment for ecclesiastical and monastic hypocrisy, with church leaders such as corrupt bishops, monks, nuns, and deacons singled out memorably in Hell. This text went on to be enormously influential, especially from the eighth through fifteenth centuries—Dante’s Divine Comedy is probably the best known heir to this tradition. Also, owing to the text’s extreme popularity, it varies widely in manuscript sources; for this extreme textual complexity, see Jirousková’s study and edition.
Named historical figures and characters: Abraham (patriarch), Adam (patriarch), David (king), Elijah (prophet), Enoch (patriarch), Jesus Christ, Mary (Virgin), Michael (angel), Moses (patriarch), Paul (apostle), Theodosius (emperor).
Geographical locations: City of Christ, Hell, Tarsus, Tartarouchos/Tartaros.
2. RESOURCES
2.1 Web Sites
“Apocalypse of Paul.” Wikipedia.
“Bibliography for Jewish and Christian Hells.” Hell-on-line (administered by Eileen Gardner).
Volmering, Nicole. “A Bibliography of Medieval Irish Eschatology and Related Sources.” 2014.
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
3.1 Manuscripts and Editions
3.1.1 Arabic (Garšūnī script where indicated)
3.1.1.1 Apocalypse of Paul
3.1.1.1.1 Ar.1 (related to Syr. 2; follows the sequence 3–14, 19–21, 14–18, 22–29, 31–51, 1–2)
Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, R 15 Sup, fols. 134v–164r (no date provided) ~ Garšūnī
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ar. 5072, fols. 140v–174r (1715)
Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sbath 125 + Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 88, fols. 26v–37r (1440) ~ Garšūnī
3.1.1.1.2 Ar.2 (half the size of Ar.1 and follows the sequence 3–6, 8–10, 12-13-14-13, 15–23, 25–29, 31–49, 51)
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ar. 4874, fols. 3r–28v (19th cent.)
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ar. 4875, fols. 1r–27r (19th cent.)
3.1.1.1.3 Ar.3
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, syr. 332, fols. 196r–205v (17th cent.) ~ Garšūnī
Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. sir. 202, fols. 236r–146v (1672–1676) ~ Garšūnī
Recension undetermined:
Aleppo, Syriac-Orthodox Archdiocese, 52 K, fols. 246v–274r (17th cent.) ~ Garšūnī
Aleppo, Syriac-Orthodox Archdiocese, 38 JI, fols. 1r–19r (16th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Aleppo, Syriac-Orthodox Archdiocese, 44M, fols. 22v–54r (13th cent.) ~ HMML
Beirut, Bibliothèque Orientale, 618 (1147), pp. 99–122 (18th cent.) ~ HMML
Beirut, Bibliothèque Orientale, 622 (1150), fols. 148v–197r (18th cent.) ~ HMML
Beirut, Bibliothèque Orientale, 623 (1151), pp. 5–55 (18th cent.) ~ HMML
Berlin, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Syr. 242, fols. 4v–34v (1566) ~ Garšūnī
Cairo, Coptic Patriarchate, Theol. 143
Cairo, Monastery of St. Mena, var. 2, fols. 3r–33v (17th cent.)
Cairo, Coptic Patriarchate, Theol. 244, fols. 70v–97r (18th cent.)
Cairo, Coptic Museum, 702 (Graf 729; Macomber CMB 12-8), fols. 197f. (17th cent.)
Cairo, Franciscan Center of Christian Oriental Studies, 109, fols. 114v–129v (19th cent.) ~ Garšūnī
Cambridge (Mass.), Houghton Library, 4022 ~ Garšūnī
Cambridge, Trinity College, R. 13. 49, fols. 14r–29v (no date provided) ~ Garšūnī
Charfeh, Syrian-Catholic Patriarchate, Ar. 2/34 (17th cent.)
Charfeh, Syrian-Catholic Patriarchate, Ar. 6/30 (1824)
Charfeh, Syrian-Catholic Patriarchate, Syr. 11/6 (17th cent.) ~ Garšūnī
Charfeh, Syrian-Catholic Patriarchate, Syr. 11/22 (recent) ~ Garšūnī
Homs, fols. 49v–60r (17th/18th cent.)
Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 225, fols. 133r–159r (1450) ~ Garšūnī
Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 263, fols. 98v–110v (1650) ~ Garšūnī
Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 299, fols. 51v–85v (1551) ~ Garšūnī
Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 367, fols. 1r–46v (1550) ~ Garšūnī
Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 401, fols. 165r–203v (1550) ~ Garšūnī
Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 446, fols. fols. 260v–286r (1750) ~ Garšūnī
Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 549, pp. 20–23 ~ Garšūnī
Jerusalem, Monastery of Saint Mark, 196, fols. 3v–34r (16th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Jerusalem, Monastery of Saint Mark, 248, fols. 118v–148r (15th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Jerusalem, Monastery of Saint Mark, 250, fols. 1r–28r (14th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Karamlīs, Mar Addai Church, MACCK 00033, fols. 39v–60v (17th/18th cent.?) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Kirkuk, Chaldean Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Kirkuk, 87, fols. 43v–63r (18th/19th cent.?) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Mardin, Dayr al-Za‘faran, 215, pp. 406–457 (17th cent.?) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Mardin, Dayr al-Za‘faran, 240 (19th/20th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Mardin, Church of the Forty Martyrs, 125, pp. 200–260 (18th/19th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Mardin, Church of the Forty Martyrs, 173, pp. 34–71 (19th/20th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Mardin, Church of the Forty Martyrs, 264, pp. 134–185 (15th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Mardin, Church of the Forty Martyrs, 284, pp. 1–25 (16th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Mardin, Church of the Forty Martyrs, 291, pp. 184–230 (17th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Midyat, Mor Barṣawmo Library, 108, fols. 152r–174v (20th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Mosul, Dominican Friars of Mosul, 742, fols. 61r–100r (16th/17th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Mosul, Mar Behnam Monastery, 392, fols. 7v–45v (16th/17th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, ar. 461, fols. 88r–94v (9th/10th cent.)
Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, ar. 531, pp. 1–30 (1232)
New Haven, Yale University Library, AOS Rv B65 (18th cent.) ~ YALE; Garšūnī
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ar. f. 18
Tripoli, Dayr Sayyidat al-Balamand, 123, fols 142v–156r (17th cent.) ~ HMML
Ṭur ‘Abdin, Churches in Enhil – Ṭur ʻAbdin, CET 00042, fols. 1r–30r (17th cent.) ~ HMML; Garšūnī
Vatican, Bibioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Neofiti 52, fols 87r–123r (1676-1677)
Yabrūd 16 (12th/13th cent.)
Bausi, Alessandro. “A First Evaluation of the Arabic Version of the Apocalypse of Paul.” Parole de l’Orient 24 (1999): 131–164 (list of manuscripts, pp. 137–38).
Graf, George. Geschichte der christlichen Arabischen Literatur, vol. 1. Vatican: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1944 (discussion and manuscript listing, pp. 272–73, see also vol. 2, p. 674).
3.1.1.2 Apocalypse of Athanasius (adaptation)
Dumadius al-Baramūsī. Nūr al-anwār fī manāẓir al-abrār. 1st ed., Cairo: s.n., 1922; 2d ed., Cairo: Maṭbaʿat Raʿmsīs, 1926 (publication of the text from unidentified manuscript, first ed., pp. 7–60).
Lent, Jos van. “The Arabic Apocalypse of Athanasius.” Pages 411–57 in Lautaro Roig Lanzillotta and Jacques van der Vliet. The Apocalypse of Paul (Visio Pauli) in Sahidic Coptic: Critical Edition, Translation and Commentary. Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 178. Leiden: Brill, 2023 (edition by Dumadius and translation).
3.1.1 Armenian (BHO 899–901)
3.1.1.1 Recension 1 (a significant rewriting of the original text)
Venice, Mekhitarist, 305
3.1.1.2 Recension 2 (an abbreviation of Recension 1)
Venice, Mekhitarist, 985
3.1.1.3 Recension 3 (abbreviation of the original)
Venice, Mekhitarist, 1002
3.1.1.4 Recension 4 (with omissions and much transformation)
Venice, Mekhitarist, 1541
Tchérakian, Chérubin. Ankanon girkh arakhelakankh: Thankgaran haykakan hin ew nor deprutheankh. Venice: Òazar, 1904 (editions of four text forms, pp. 62–109).
3.1.3 Church Slavic (=R)
3.1.3.1 A development of Gr3 (de Santos Otero 1, 11, 31, 42, 71, 88, 90; excerpt A=6.8, 10, 12–13, 15–17, 19, 21–24, 27–29, 32–38, 41, 43–44, 47–50, 52–53, 55–56, 58–62, 65, 67–68, 76, 96; excerpt B=3–4, 6–9, 13–15, 17–18, 20, 22, 24, 26–30, 32–33, 35–36, 44–48, 51–55, 58, 63–64, 66, 72, 74–76, 89, 93, 95)
3.1.3.2 Abridged translation of the Latin (de Santos Otero 91, 92)
3.1.3.3 Bulgarian paraphrase that uses the Church Slavic and the Greek (de Santos Otero 2, 57, 78–81, 83–87, 94)
Otero, Aurelio de Santos. Die handschriftliche Überlieferung der altslavischen Apokryphen. 2 vols. PTS 20 and 23. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1978–1981 (manuscripts listed, vol. 1, pp. 170–87, vol. 2 pp. 250–52).
Thomson, Francis J. Review of Aurelio de Santos Otero, Die handscriftliche Überlieferung der altslavischen Apokryphen, vol. 1. Slavonic and East European Review 58 [1980]: 256–68 at 265 (with corrections to de Santos Otero).
Turdeanu, Émile. “La vision de saint Paul.” Die Welt der Slaven 1 (1956): 406–30.
3.1.4 Coptic
3.1.4.1 Sahidic (C)
MERC.AN, 10th cent. (PAThs entry)
1–[14]: London, British Library, Or. 7023, fols. 1–7 (John Chrysostom, Encomium on Raphael the Archangel)
[17]–[20]: London, British Library, Or. 6806A, fols. 1–2 (John Chrysostom, Encomium on Raphael the Archangel)
[27]–[30]: London, British Library, Or. 6806A, fols. 3–4 (John Chrysostom, Encomium on Raphael the Archangel)
[79]–94: London, British Library, Or. 7023, fols. 24–31
95–126: London, British Library, Or. 7023, fols. 8–23
129–140: London, British Library, Or. 7023, fols. 32–37
Two fragments from the Ilves Collection, 5th/6th cent. (unpublished) ~ contains portions of chs. 49 and 50
Lanzillotta, Lautaro Roig, and Jacques van der Vliet. The Apocalypse of Paul (Visio Pauli) in Sahidic Coptic: Critical Edition, Translation and Commentary. Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 178. Leiden: Brill, 2023 (edition and translation of MERC.AN, pp. 170–223; Vienna K9653, pp. 408–409).
Layton, catalogue 186-88
Wallis Budge, E. A. Miscellaneous Coptic Texts in the Dialect of Upper Egypt. London: British Museum, 1915 (text from BL Or. 7022, pp. 534–74).
3.1.4.2 Apocalypse of Athanasius
Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna, K9653 ~ leaf of Apocalypse of Athanasius but taken from Apoc. Paul 47–49 replacing character of Paul with Athanasius
Lucchesi, E. “Une (Pseudo-)Apocalypse d’Athanase en copte.” AnBoll 115 (1997): 241–48.
3.1.4.3 Fayyumic fragments
Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, Papyrus- und
Ostrakasammlung, P. Lips. inv. 3702 ~ unpublished fragments of ch. 40
3.1.5 Ethiopic (adapted as Apocalypse of the Virgin [Ethiopic])
3.1.6 Georgian (unedited)
Tarchnišvili, Michael. Geschichte der kirchlichen georgischen Literatur, auf Grund des ersten Bandes der georgischen Literaturgeschichte von K. Kekelidze. StT 185. Vatican City: Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1955 (p. 345).
3.1.7 Greek
3.1.7.1 G (BHG 1460; three hypothetical Greek recensions—Gr1, Gr2, and Gr3—now lost; G is a shortening of Gr3)
Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, C 255 inf., fols. 218r–228v (16th cent.) ~ Pinakes; IMAGES; copy of Munich Cod. graec. 276
Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. graec. 276, fols. 132v–148v (14th cent.) ~ Pinakes; IMAGES
Tischendorf, Constantin. Apocalypses apocryphae Mosis, Esdrae, Pauli, Johannis, item Mariae dormito: additis evangeliorum et actuum apocryphorum supplementis. Maiximam partem nunc primum. Leipzig: H. Mendelssohn, 1866 (introduction, pp. xiv–xviii; text based on both manuscripts, pp. 34–69).
3.1.7.2 Fragments
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Gr.th. g. 2 (P) (6th cent.) ~ IMAGES; text of chs. 45 and 46
Kraus, Thomas J. “Fragmente zweier christlicher Kodizes in der Bodleian Library, Oxford.” Pages 39–52 in Inediti offerti a Rosario Pintaudi per il suo 65o compleanno (P. Pintaudi). Edited by D. Minutoli. Florence: Edizioni Gonnelli, 2012 (Oxford fragments, pp. 47–52, pl. VIII).
3.1.8 Latin (BHL 6580–6582; BHLns 6580–6582a-s; manuscript listing and sigla from Jirousková 2006; recension divisions from Silverstein 1935)
3.1.8.1 L1 (BHL 6580; a development of Gr3)
PL Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, nouv. acq. lat. 1631, fols. 2v–25v (9th cent.) ~ Gallica; Bibliotheca legum
StGL St. Gall, Stadtbibliothek (Bibliotheca Vadiana), 317, fols. 56r–68v (9th/10th cent.)
EL El Escorial, Real Biblioteca, a. II. 3, fols. 154r–157r (10th/11th cent.)
AL Arnheim, Stichting Arnhemse Openbare en Gelderse Wetenschappelijke Bibliotheek, 6, fols. 104r–114v (15th cent.) ~ IMAGES
Antolín, Guillermo. “Opúsculos desconocidos de San Jerónimo.” Revista de archivos, bibliotecas y museos II, 12, 2 (1908): 207–26; 20 (1909): 60–80 (text of EL, pp. 75–80).
James, Montague Rhodes. Apocrypha Anecdota: A Collection of Thirteen Apocryphal Books and Fragments Now First Edited from Manuscripts. TS 2.3. Cambridge: The University Press, 1893 (edition of PL, pp. 11–42).
Jirousková, Lenka. Die Visio Pauli: Wege und Wandlungen einer orientalischen Apokryphe im lateinischen Mittelalter unter Einschluß der alttsechischen und deutschsprachigen Textzeugen. Mittellateinische Studien und Texte, 34. Leiden: Brill, 2006 (edition of Latin, Old Czech, and German texts).
Silverstein, Theodore. Visio Sancti Pauli: The History of the Apocalypse in Latin together with Nine Texts. Studies and Documents 4. London: Christophers, 1935 (text of StGL, pp. 141–47).
3.1.8.2 L2 (BHL 6580d; a development of Gr2)
WL Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 362, fols. 7v–8v (14th cent.)
GL Graz, Universitätsbibliothek, 856, fols. 1r–6v (15th cent.) ~ manuscripta.at; IMAGES
ZL Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, C 101, fols. 70r–74v (15th cent.) ~ Biblissima; e-codices; mirabile
Brandes, Herman. Visio S. Pauli: Ein Beitrag zur Visionslitteratur. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1885 (text of WL, pp. 65–68).
Carozzi, Claude. Eschatologie et au-delà: recherches sur l’Apocalypse de Paul. Aix-en-Provence: Publications de l’Université de Provence, 1994 (edition and translation of L1, pp. 186–265; synoptic edition of L2, pp. 271–99).
Silverstein, Theodore. “The Graz and Zürich Apocalypse of St. Paul: an Independent Medieval Witness to the Greek.” Pages 166–80 in Medieval Learning and Literature: Essays Presented to Richard William Hunt. Edited by J. J. G. Alexander and C. S. Gibson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
_______. Visio Sancti Pauli: The History of the Apocalypse in Latin together with Nine Texts. Studies and Documents 4. London: Christophers, 1935 (text of WL, pp. 153–55).
Silverstein, Theodore, and Anthony Hilhorst, eds. Apocalypse of Paul: A New Critical Edition of Three Long Latin Versions. Cahiers d’Orientalisme 21. Geneva: Patrick Cramer, 1997 (synoptic editions of L1 and L3, pp. 65–167; edition of L2, pp. 170–207; WL, pp. 210–12).
3.1.8.4 Medieval Recensions (I–XI as established by Silverstein; BHL 6581–6582)
3.1.8.4.1 Redaction I (BHL 6581c, 6581d)
Ba Barcelona, Archivo Capitular de la Catedral, Cod. lat. 28, fols. 118r–119r (12th cent.) (=Jirousková A2)
WL Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 362, fols. 7r–7v (14th cent.)
Brandes, Herman. Visio S. Pauli: Ein Beitrag zur Visionslitteratur. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1885 (text of WL, pp. 68–71 and 95–96).
Caminal, José Oliveras. “Texto de la « Visio S. Pauli » segun el codice 28 de la Catedral de Barcelona.” Scriptorium 1 (1946–1947): 240–42.
Silverstein, Theodore. “The Vision of Saint Paul: New Links and Patterns in the Western Tradition.” Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge 26 (1959): 199–248 (edition of Barcelona, lat. 28, pp. 226–29).
Silverstein, Theodore. Visio Sancti Pauli: The History of the Apocalypse in Latin together with Nine Texts. Studies and Documents 4. London: Christophers, 1935 (text of WL, pp. 153–55).
3.1.8.4.2 Redaction II (BHL 6581e)
W3 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, 3881, fols. 182r–183r (15th cent.) (=Jirousková sing.)
Silverstein, Theodore. Visio Sancti Pauli: The History of the Apocalypse in Latin together with Nine Texts. Studies and Documents 4. London: Christophers, 1935 (text of Vienna 3881, pp. 156–59).
3.1.8.4.3 Redaction III (BHL 6582 a, b, c, cb, cd, cf, cg, ch; 6582 f, g)
M1 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Codd. 2625, fols. 56r–59v (13th cent.) (=Jirousková B1; Silverstein M1)
M3 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Codd. 12005, fols. 190r–191r (15th cent.) (=Jirousková B1; Silverstein M2)
M6 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Codd. 22302, fols. 83v–84v (14th cent.) (=Jirousková B2; Silverstein M3)
M7 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Codd. 26137, fols. 127r–128v and 129v (15th cent.) (=Jirousková B/bes.; Silverstein M4)
StG3 St. Gall, Stiftsbibliothek, 1050, pp. 248–250 (14th cent.) (=Jirousková sing.; Silverstein S1)
StG2 St. Gall, Stiftsbibliothek, 1012, pp. 159–164 ad 167 (14th cent.) (=Jirousková B2; Silverstein S2)
W2 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 1629, fols. 102r–103v (14th cent.) (=Jirousková B1; Silverstein Vi)
C1 Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 20, fols. 66r–68r (1330–1339) = illustrations accompanying Anglo-Norman verse, fols. 61r–66r (=Jirousková B1; Silverstein CC)
Bn Bonn, Universitätsbibliothek, S 361 [227 a], fols. 81v–83r (ca. 1500) (=Jirousková B1)
Bx1 Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier II 1053, fols. 3r–4r (12th cent.) (=Jirousková B1)
Silverstein, Theodore. Visio Sancti Pauli: The History of the Apocalypse in Latin together with Nine Texts. Studies and Documents 4. London: Christophers, 1935 (text of redaction III, pp. 160–95).
Silverstein, Theodore. “The Vision of Saint Paul: New Links and Patterns in the WesternTradition.” Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge 26 (1959): 199–248 (edition of Brussels, lat. 67, pp. 229–34, 234–38).
3.1.8.4.4 Redaction IV (BHL 6582)
C2 Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, 362/441, fol. 8 (13th cent.) (=Jirousková C)
C4 Cambridge, Pembroke College, MS 103, fols. 124 and 126 (12th cent.) (=Jirousková sing.)
C5 Cambridge, Pembroke College, MS 258, fols. 52–53 (13th cent.) (=Jirousková C1)
C6 Cambridge, St John’s College, MS D. 20 (95), fols. 199v–201r (15th cent.) (=Jirousková C1)
C7 Cambridge, St John’s College, MS F.22 (159), fols. 24v–25v (15th cent.) (=Jirousková C3)
D3 Dublin, Trinity College, MS 519, fols. 95–96 (15th cent.) (=Jirousková C3)
L1 London, British Library, Add. 26770, fols. 88v–89v (13th/14th cent.) ~ IMAGES (=Jirousková C3)
L3 London, British Library, Arundel 52, fols. 63–64 (14th cent.) (=Jirousková C3)
L4 London, British Library, Harleian 2851, fols. 58r–60r (14th cent.) (=Jirousková C/bes.)
L5 London, British Library, Royal 8.B.X, fols. 82r–83r (15th cent.) (=Jirousková C1)
L6 London, British Library, Royal 8.C.VII, fols. 119v–121v (14th cent.) (=Jirousková sing.)
L7 London, British Library, Royal 8.E.XVII, fols. 122v–123r (13th/14th cent.) (=Jirousková C1)
L8 London, British Library, Royal B.F.VI, fols. 23r–24r (15th cent.) (=Jirousková C1)
L9 London, British Library, Royal 11.B.III, fol. 334v (14th cent.) ~ IMAGES (=Jirousková C/bes.)
L10 London, British Library, Royal 11.B.X, fols. 2 and 184 (14th cent.) (=Jirousková C3)
L11 London, British Library, Royal 13.C.VI, fol. 150 (14th cent.) (=Jirousková C2)
M2 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 9637, fol. 70v–72r (14th cent.) (=Jirousková B2)
M4 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. 12728, fols. 122r–123v and 132v (15th cent.) (=Jirousková C1)
O1 Oxford, Balliol College, MS 228, fol. 268 (15th cent.) (=Jirousková C3)
O2 Oxford, Bodleian, Cod. Laud Misc. 527, fols. 191v–192v (14th cent.) ~ CATALOG (=Jirousková C2)
O3 Oxford, Bodleian, Cod. Laud Misc. 527, fols. 263r–264v (14th cent.) (=Jirousková C3)
Oxford, Bodleian, Lat. th. e. 46, fol. 258 (13th cent.) ~ CATALOG
O5 Oxford, Merton College, Cod. 13, fols. 63v–64v (14th cent.) ~ CATALOG (=Jirousková C3)
P1 Paris, Bibliothèque Mazarine, MS 1181, fols. 161v–163r (14th cent.) (=Jirousková C2)
P8 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 5266, fols. 21v–23v (12th/13th cent.) (=Jirousková C/bes.)
P9 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 10729, fols. 1r–2v (13th cent.) (=Jirousková C3)
P10 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 16246, fols. 133v–134r (15th cent.) (=Jirousková C1)
SnM San Marino, California, Huntington Library, El. 26. A 3, fols. 209v–210r (15th cent.) (=Jirousková sing.)
V4 Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. lat. 524, fols. 190r–91r (15th cent.) (=Jirousková C2)
Vienna, Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 876, fols. 142–143 (14th cent.)
Brandes, Herman. Visio S. Pauli: Ein Beitrag zur Visionslitteratur. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1885 (text of Vienna 876, pp. 75–80).
Meyer, P. “La descente de saint Paul en enfer.” Romania 24 (1895): 365–75 (presented in parallels with a French version that includes illuminations).
Migne, Jacques-Paul. Patrologiae Cursus Completus. Series Latina. 217 vols. Paris, 1844–1864 (vol. 94, cols. 501–502 (source not identified; Bede, Homily 100).
Silverstein, Theodore. “The Vision of Saint Paul: New Links and Patterns in the Western Tradition.” Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge 26 (1959): 199–248 (extract of the San Marino manuscript, pp. 247–48).
3.1.8.4.5 Redaction V (BHL 6582m)
Be2 Berlin, Staatsbibliothek – Preussischer Kulturbesitz, MS theol. lat. fol. 427, fols. 231v–233r (15th cent.) (=Jirousková sing.)
O4 Oxford, Bodleian, Cod. Rawlinson C 108, fols. 79r–81v (15th cent.) (=Jirousková sing.)
Jones, J. Morris, and John Rhys. The Elucidarium and other Tracts in Welsh. Anecdota Oxoniensia, Med. and Mod. Series, VI, Oxford: Clarendon, 1894 (text from what is said to be Merton Coll. MS. 13, pp. 235–37).
Silverstein, Theodore. Visio Sancti Pauli: The History of the Apocalypse in Latin together with Nine Texts. Studies and Documents 4. London: Christophers, 1935 (text of redaction V, pp. 196–203).
3.1.8.4.6 Redaction VI (BHL 6582n)
StG1 St. Gall, Stiftsbibliothek 682, pp. 193–204 (9th cent.) (=Jirousková’s “transitional versions”)
V2 Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal. lat. 216, fol. 126v (8th cent.) ~ fragment; DVL (=Jirousková’s “transitional versions”)
Le Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek (Bibliotheca Albertina), 1608, fols. 6r–6v (9th cent.) (=Jirousková’s “transitional versions”)
Silverstein, Theodore. Visio Sancti Pauli: The History of the Apocalypse in Latin together with Nine Texts. Studies and Documents 4. London: Christophers, 1935 (text of StG1 and V2, pp. 215–18).
3.1.8.4.7 Redaction VII (BHL 6582 p)
P4 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 2851, fols. 34r–38v (11th cent.) (=Jirousková sing.)
Silverstein, Theodore. Visio Sancti Pauli: The History of the Apocalypse in Latin together with Nine Texts. Studies and Documents 4. London: Christophers, 1935 (text of P4, pp. 204–208).
3.1.8.4.8 Redaction VIII (BHL 6582 q)
Be1 Berlin, Berlin, Staatsbibliothek – Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Theol. lat. qu. 61, fol. 226 (14th cent.) (=Jirousková sing.)
Silverstein, Theodore. Visio Sancti Pauli: The History of the Apocalypse in Latin together with Nine Texts. Studies and Documents 4. London: Christophers, 1935 (text of Be1, pp. 209–13).
3.1.8.4.9 Redaction IX (BHL 6582d)
N Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III, lat. VIII.AA.32, fols. 175v–177v (15th cent.) (=Jirousková sing.)
Silverstein, Theodore. “The Vision of Saint Paul: New Links and Patterns in the WesternTradition.” Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge 26 (1959): 199–248 (edition of N, pp. 238–43).
3.1.8.4.10 Redaction X (BHL 6582c)
Ve Venice, San Marco, Marc. lat. Z 507 (=1791), fols. 79r–80v (13th cent.) (=Jirousková sing.)
Silverstein, Theodore. “The Vision of Saint Paul: New Links and Patterns in the Western Tradition.” Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge 26 (1959): 199–248 (edition of the Ve, pp. 244–47).
3.1.8.4.11 Redaction XI (related to L1)
V3 Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal. lat. 220, fols. 56r–60r (9th cent.) (=Jirousková’s “transitional versions”)
Dwyer, Mary E. “An Unstudied Redaction of the Visio Pauli.” Manuscripta 32 (1988): 121–38 (edition, pp. 125–29).
Wright, Charles D. “Some Evidence for an Irish Origin of Redaction xi of the Visio Pauli.” Manuscripta 34 (1990): 34–44 (includes some corrections of Dwyer’s transcription).
3.1.8.4.12 Redaction Br
Bx3 Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, 5576–5604, fols. 132 and 132 bis (12th cent.) (=Jirousková A1)
Silverstein, Theodore. “The Vision of Saint Paul: New Links and Patterns in the WesternTradition.” Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge 26 (1959): 199–248 (edition of Br, pp. 234–38).
Unclassified:
Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Conv. Soppr. I.II.37, fols. 60v–66v (12th cent.)
Geneva, Bibliothèque publique et universitaire, Cod. lat. 48 (14th cent.)
L12 London, St. Paul’s Cathedral Library, MS 8, fols. 188r–189r (ca. 1400) (=Jirousková C/bes.)
London, British Library, Add. MS 37787 ~ IMAGES
Mo Montpellier, Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Médecine, MS 503, fols. 37v–39r (14th cent.) (=Jirousková C2)
M5 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, clm 14348, fols. 217r–218r (13th cent.) (=Jirousková C/bes.)
Oxford, Lincoln College, lat. 27 E, fols. 181r–182v (12th/13th cent.) ~ CATALOG; IMAGES
StO1 Saint-Omer, Bibliothèque municipale, 349, fols. 179r–181v (15th cent.) (=Jirousková A2)
Guglielmetti, Rossana E. “Deux témoins inédits de la Visio Pauli.” Apocrypha 26 (2015): 57–78 (editions of the Florence and Oxford manuscripts, pp. 66–70, 75–77).
3.1.9 Middle Irish
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, 23 O 48 a-b (476) (the Liber Flavus Fergusiorum), II, fols. 38[47]v (1435–1440)
Breatnach, Caoimhín, ed. and trans. “Aisling Phóil.” Pages 391–413 in Apocrypha Hiberniae II, Apocalyptica 2. Edited by Martin McNamara. CCSA 21. Turnhout: Brepols, 2019.
Herbert, M. and M. McNamara. Irish Biblical Apocrypha. Edinburgh: 1989 (pp. 132–36).
Seymour, St. John D. “Irish Versions of the Vision of St. Paul.” JTS 24 (1922–1923): 54–59.
3.1.10 Middle Welsh
Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, Peniarth 15, pp. 7–11 (ca. 1375–1425)
Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, Peniarth 14, pp. 151–161 (ca. 1250–1350)
Shrewsbury, Shrewsbury School, 11, pp. 134–143 (ca. 1375–1425)
3.1.11 Old English
Oxford, Bodleian Library, MSS Junius 85–86, fols. 3r–11v (11th cent.) ~ catalog
di Paolo Healy, Antonia, ed. and trans. The Old English Vision of St. Paul. Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America, 1978.
3.1.12 Old Norse
AM 681c 4to, 1 leaf (15th cent.)
AMC 624 4to, fols. 147r–149r (16th cent.) ~ IMAGES
Bullita, Dario. Páls leizla: The Vision of St Paul. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 2017 (synoptic edition alongside the Latin text of St. Paul’s Cathedral Ms. 8).
3.1.13 Provençal
Silverstein, Theodore. “The Source of a Provençal Version of the Vision of St Paul.” Speculum 8.3 (1933): 353–58.
3.1.14 Syriac (BHS 1042; development of Gr1)
3.1.14.1 West Syriac (unpublished)
Aleppo, Syriac- Orthodox Archdiocese, 136 M, fol. 261r–307v (15th/16th cent.) ~ HMML
Baghdad, Chaldean Catholic Church, 291, pp. 91–238 (18th cent.) ~ HMML
Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard Houghton Library, Syr. 59, fols. 117r–159r (1856)
Charfeh, Syrian-Catholic Patriarchate, Rahmani 142, fol. 74v–124v (1755–1756)
Jerusalem, Monastery of Saint Mark, 201, fols. 8v–33v (1903)
Jerusalem, Monastery of Saint Mark, 196, fol. 3v–34r (15th cent.) ~ HMML
Mardin, Church of the Forty Martyrs, 264, pp. 134–185 (1464–1465)~ HMML
Mardin, Dayr al-Za‘faran, 61, fol. 1r–46r (19th cent.) ~ HMML
Mardin, Dayr al-Za‘faran, 217, fol. 1v–24v (1960) ~ HMML
Montserrat, Abbaye Santa Maria Or. 24, fol. 47r–97r (1613)
Mosul, Archidiocèse syro-orthodoxe 193, fol. 99r–110v (15th cent.?) ~ HMML
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, syr. 377, fols. 89r–123r (1854/1855)
Ṭur ‘Abdin, Couvent Mar Yuḥanon Ṭayoyo (Date ?)
Ṭur ‘Abdin, Collection du diacre Yawsef (Date ?)
Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. sir. 159, fols. 197f. (1622/1623)
3.1.14.2 East Syriac
Baghdad, Archevêché de l’Église de l’Est 184, p. 1–89 (1932)
Cambridge, University Library, Add. 2050, fols. 58 and 47 (1692)
Cambridge, University Library, Add. 2043, fols. 1r–4r (18th/19th cent.)
Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University Library, Syr. 169, fol. 1v–84r (18th cent.?) ~ HOLLIS
Dawra, Chaldean Monastery, 621 (olim Alqosh, Notre-Dame des Semences, Vosté 212 = Scher 113) (ca. 1700)
Duhok, Beth Mardutho Cultural Center, ms. 9, fol. 5v–59v (20th cent.) ~ HMML
Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 598, fol. 1v–23v (1932)
Göttingen, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Syr. 1, fol. 103r–130v (1870)
Kirkuk, Chaldean Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Kirkuk, 81, fols. 29v–54v (18th cent.) ~ HMML
Midyat, Private Library of Samuel Hadodo, PLM SH 00009, pp. 350–389 (21st cent.) ~ HMML
Mosul, Dominican Fiars of Mosul, 302, fol. 98r–129v (1723) ~ HMML
New Haven, Yale University Library, AOS Rn32 (olim Urmia 42), pp. 1–64 (1795) ~ YALE
New Haven, Yale University Library, AOS Rn32b ~ YALE
New York, Columbia University, Butler Library X 893.4-At 3 (date undertermined)
New York, Union Theological Seminary, Clemons 310 (18th cent.)
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Syr. 352, fol. 8r–45v (1706) ~ GALLICA
Tehran, Chaldean Church of St. Joseph 8 (Fonds Issayi 18), fols. 135r–172r (1741/1742)
Tehran, Chaldean Church of Saint Joseph, 17, pp. 1–4 (18th/19th cent.) ~ HMML
Thrissur, Chaldean Syrian Church, APSTCH THRI 00083, pp. 1–99 (17th cent.) ~ HMML
Vatican, Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Borg. sir. 39, fols. 122v–137v (ca. 1680) ~ DVL
Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. sir. 180, fols. 1r–40v (18th cent.?) ~ DVL
Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. sir. 597, fols. 44r–49v (17th cent.) ~ fragmentary
Undetermined recension:
Paris, Coll. Patrologia Orientalis, = olim coll. R. Graffin (ms of Kalila and Dimna), fols. 117r–132r
Anto, Joju. “Revelation of Paul the Blessed Apostle: Based on a Syriac Manuscript at Archbishop’s House Trichur.” The Harp 22 (2007): 269–82.
Fiori, Emiliano. “Les deux versions syriaques de l’Apocalypse de Paul et leur place dans la transmission de cet apocryphe dans l’Orient chrétien.” Apocrypha 31 (2020): 129–53.
Ricciotti, Giuseppe. “Apocalypsis Pauli Syriace iuxta codices vaticanos.” Orientalia ii. 1, 2 (1933): 1–24, 120–49 (edition of Vat. sir. 180 and Vat. Borg. 39 with Latin translation).
Ricciotti, Giuseppe. L’Apocalisse di Paolo siriaca. 2 vols. Brescia: Morcelliana, 1932 (Italian translation of Vat. sir. 180 and Vat. Borg. 39, vol. 1, pp. 35–82).
Perkins, Justin. “The Revelation of the Blessed Apostle Paul. Translated from an Ancient Syriac Manuscript.” JAOS 8 (1864): 183–212 (translation of Yale RnR32a).
Mar Yohannan Yoseph. “Description of Syriac Manuscripts of Vision of Paul.” Pages 42–70 in Mar Aprem, Assyrian Manuscripts in India. Thrissur: Mar Nasai Press, 2011.
Zingerle, P. “Die Apocalypse des Apostels Paulus, aus einer syrischen Handschrift des Vaticans übersetzt.” Vierteljahrsschrift für deutsch- und englisch-theologische Forschung und Kritik 4 (1871): 139–83 (German translation of Vat. sir. 180).
3.2 Modern Translations
3.2.1 English
Duensing, Hugo. “Apocalypse of Paul.” Pages 755–98 in New Testament Apocrypha, vol. 2: Writings Related to the Apostles, Apocalypses and Related Subjects. Edited by Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Translated by Robert McL. Wilson. English translation of the 3rd German edition. London: Luttersworth Press, 1963.
Duensing, Hugo, and Aurelio de Santos Otero. “Apocalypse of Paul.” Pages 712–48 in New Testament Apocrypha. vol. 2: Writings Related to the Apostles, Apocalypses and Related Subjects. Edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Translated by Robert McL. Wilson. English translation of the 5th German edition, revised. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1991.
Elliott, J. K. The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in English Translation. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993 (pp. 616-44).
Gardner, Eileen, ed. Visions of Heaven & Hell Before Dante. New York: Ialica Press, 1989 (reprint of translation by James, pp. 13–46).
James, Montague Rhodes. The Apocryphal New Testament: Being the Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypses. Oxford: Clarendon, 1924; corrected edition, 1953 (pp. 525–55).
Reddish, Mitchell Glenn. Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1995 (reprint of translation by Duensing and de Sanots Otero).
Walker, Alexander. Apocryphal Gospels, Acts and Revelations. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1873. Repr. as vol. 16 of The Ante-Nicene Christian Library. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. 24 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1867–1883 (pp. 477–92).
Wallis Budge, E. A. Miscellaneous Coptic Texts in the Dialect of Upper Egypt. London: British Museum, 1915 (English trans., pp. 1043–84).
3.2.2 French
Amiot, François. “Apocalypse de Paul.” Pages 295–331 in La Bible Apocryphe 2: Évangiles Apocryphes. Textes pour l’histoire sacrée 5. Paris: Fayard, 1952.
Kappler, Claude-Claire. “L’Apocalypse latine de Paul.” Pages 237–66 in Apocalypses et voyages dans l’au-delà. Paris: 1987 (extracts in French from Gz, pp. 253–62).
Kappler, Claude-Claire, and René Kappler. “Apocalypse de Paul.” Pages 777–826 in Écrits apocryphes chrétiens 1. Edited by François Bovon, Pierre Géoltrain, and Sever Voicu. Paris: Gallimard, 1997.
Leloir, Louis. Écrits apocryphes sur les apôtres. CCSA 3–4. 2 vols. Turnhout: Brepols, 1986–1992 (French translation of Armenian texts, vol. 1, pp. 87–172).
3.2.3 German
Duensing, Hugo. and Aurelio de Santos Otero. “Die Paulusapokalypse.” Pages 644–75 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung. Vol 2: Apostolisches, Apokalypsen und Verwandtes. E. Hennecke. Edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher. 5th German edition. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1989.
Duensing, Hugo. “Die Paulusapokalypse.” Pages 536–67 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung. Vol 2: Apostolisches, Apokalypsen und Verwandtes. E. Hennecke. Edited by Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1964.
Vetter, Paul. “Die armenische Paulusapokalypse.” TQ 88 (1906): 508–95; 89 (1907): 58–75 (German translation of the Armenian texts).
3.2.4 Italian
Erbetta, Mario. Gli Apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento 3. Lettere e Apocalissi. Torino: Marietti, 1998 (vol. 3, pp. 353–86).
Moraldi, Luigi. Apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento. 2 vols. Classici delle religioni, Sezione quarta, La religione cattolica 24. Turin: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 1971 (vol. 2, pp. 1855–1911).
3.3 General Works
Bauckham, Richard. “The Conflict of Justice and Mercy: Attitudes to the Damned in Apocalyptic Literature.” Apocrypha 1 (1990): 181–96.
_______. “Early Jewish Visions of Hell.” JTS 41 (1990): 355–85.
Bernstein, Alan E. The Formation of Hell: Death and Retribution in the Ancient and Early Christian Worlds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993 (pp. 292–313).
_______. Hell and Its Rivals: Death and Retribution Among Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Early Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017.
Bremmer, Jan. “Apocalypse of Paul.” Pages 427–45 in Early New Testament Apocrypha. Edited by J. Christopher Edwards. Ancient Literature for New Testament Studies 9. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2022.
Bremmer, Jan N., and István Czachesz, eds. The Visio Pauli and the Gnostic Apocalypse of Paul. Leuven: Peeters, 2007.
Casey, R. P. “The Apocalypse of Paul.” JTS 34 (1933): 1–32.
Czachesz, Istvan. “Torture in Hell and Reality.” Pages 130–43 in The Visio Pauli and the Gnostic Apocalypse of Paul. Edited by J. N. Bremmer and István Czachesz. Leuven: Peeters, 2007.
Desreumaux, Alain. “Des symboles à la réalite: la préface à l’Apocalypse de Paul dans la tradition syriaqe.” Apocrypha 4 (1993): 65–82.
Dinzelbacher, P. “Die Verbreitung der apokryphen ‘Visio S. Pauli’ im mittelalterlichen Europa.” Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 27 (1992): 77–90.
Ehrman, Bart. Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2020.
_______. Journeys to Heaven and Hell: Tours of the Afterlife in the Early Christian Tradition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2023.
Hasenfratz, Robert. “Eisegan stefne (Christ and Satan 36a), the Visio Pauli, and ‘ferrea vox’ (Aeneid 6, 626).” Modern Philology 86 (1989): 398–410.
Henning, Meghan R. Educating Early Christians through the Rhetoric of Hell. Mohr Siebeck, 2014.
_______. Hell Hath No Fury: Gender, Disability, and the Invention of Damned Bodies in Early Christian Literature. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2021.
Hillhorst, Anthony. “The Apocalypse of Paul: Previous History and Afterlife.” Pages 1–22 in The Visio Pauli and the Gnostic Apocalypse of Paul. Edited by J. N. Bremmer and István Czachesz. Leuven: Peeters, 2007.
Himmelfarb, Martha. Tours of Hell: An Apocalyptic Form in Jewish and Christian Literature. Philadelphia: 1983.
_______. “The Experience of the Visionary and Genre in the Ascension of Isaiah 6–11 and the Apocalypse of Paul.” Semeia 26 (1986): 97–111.
Hogeterp, A. L. A. “The Relation between Body and Soul in the Apocalypse of Paul.” Pages 105–29 in The Visio Pauli and the Gnostic Apocalypse of Paul. Edited by J. N. Bremmer and István Czachesz. Leuven: Peeters, 2007.
Hopkins, Stephen C. E. Translating Hell: Vernacular Theology and Apocrypha in the Medieval North Sea. Manchester: Manchester University Press, (forthcoming).
James, M. R. “Some Coptic Apocrypha.” JTS 18 (1916–1917): 163–66 (pp. 165–66).
Jirousková, Lenka. Die Visio Pauli: Wege und Wandlungen einer orientalischen Apokryphe im lateinischen Mittelalter unter Einschluß der alttsechischen und deutschsprachigen Textzeugen. Mittellateinische Studien und Texte 34. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
Kraeling, C. “The Apocalypse of Paul and the “Iranische Erlösungsmysterium.” HTR 24 (1931): 209–44.
Magri, Annarita. A piccoli passi verso l’aldilà. Dante e l’Apocalisse di Paolo. Rimini: Guaraldi, 2023.
McNamara, Martin. The Apocrypha in the Irish Church. Dublin: Institute for Advanced Study, 1975 (pp. 105–108).
Owen, D. D. R. ““The Vision of St. Paul: The French and Provençal Versions and Their Sources.” Romance Philology 12 (1958): 33–51.
_______. The Vision of Hell. Edinburgh and London: 1970.
O’Sullivan, Tomás. “The Vision of Saint Paul, Redaction XI.” Pages 397–416 in vol. 1 of The End and Beyond: Medieval Irish Eschatology. Edited by John Carey, Emma Nic Cárthaigh, and Caitríona Ó Dochartaigh. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications, 2014.
Piovanelli, Pierluigi. “The Miraculous Discovery of the Hidden Manuscript, or The Paratextual Function of the Prologue to the Apocalypse of Paul.” Pages 23–49 in The Visio Pauli and the Gnostic Apocalypse of Paul. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer and Istvan Czachesz. Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 9. Leuven: Peeters, 2007.
_______. “Les origines de l’Apocalypse de Paul reconsidérées.” Apocrypha 4 (1993): 25–64.
Rosenstiehl, Jean-Marc. “L’itinéraire de Paul dans l’au-delà: contribution à l’étude de l’Apocalypse apocryphe de Paul.” Pages 197–212 in Carl-Schmidt-Kolloquium an der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg 1988. Edited by Peter Nagel. Wissenschaftliche Beiträge 1990/23 (K 9). Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, 1990.
Rosenstiehl, J.-M. “Tartarouchos–Temelouchos: contribution à l’étude de l’Apocalypse apocryphe de Paul.” Pages 29–56 in Deuxième Journée d’études coptes, Strasbourg 25 mai 1984. Cahiers de la Bibliothèque copte 3. Leuven: Peeters, 1986.
Ruiten, J. T. A. G. M. van. “The Four Rivers of Eden in the Apocalypse of Paul (Visio Pauli): The Intertextual Relationship of Genesis 2:10–4 and the Apocalypse of Paul 23:4.” Pages 263–84 in Jerusalem, Alexandria, Rome: Studies in Ancient Cultural Interaction in Honour of A. Hilhorst. Edited by F. García Martínez and G. P. Luttikhuizen. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
Seymour, St. John D. “Irish Versions of the Vision of St. Paul.” JTS 24 (1922): 54–59.
_______. Irish Visions of the Other-World: A Contribution to the Study of Mediæval Visions. London: SPCK, 1930.
Silverstein, Theodore. “Dante and the Visio Pauli.” Modern Language Notes 47.6 (1932): 397–99.
_______. “The Date of the ‘Apocalypse of Paul.’” Mediaeval Studies 24 (1962): 335–48.
_______. “The Vision of St. Paul: New Links and Patterns in the Western Tradition.” Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge 26 (1959): 199–248.
_______. Visiones et revelationes S. Pauli. Una nuova tradizione di testi latini del Medio Evo. Problemi attuali di scienza e di cultura, fasc. 188. Rome: Accad. Naz. Lincei, 1974.
Tabor, James D. Things Unutterable: Paul’s Ascent to Paradise. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1986.
Trunte, Nikolaos H. Reiseführer durch das Jenseits: Die Apokalypse des Paulus in der Slavia Orthodoxa. Slavistische Beiträge 490. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner, 2013.
Ungar, Filippo. “Dante conosceva l’Apocalisse di Paolo?: Osservazioni sui rapporti tra la Commedia e l’apocrifo paolino.” Rivista di studi danteschi 23 (2023): 48–101.
Volmering, Nicole. “The Adaptation of the Visio Sancti Pauli in the West: The Evidence of Redaction VI.” Peritia 31 (2020): 225–54.
Wright, Charles D. “Beowulf, Blickling Homily and the Visio Pauli.” Old English Newsletter 22.2 (1989): Appendix 29–39.
_______. “Some Evidence for an Irish Origin of Redaction XI of the Visio Pauli.” Manuscripta 34 (1990): 34–44.
Zamagni, Claudio. “Est-ce que Dante lisait l’Apocalypse de Paul ? Un carnet provisoire.” Pages 391–404 in id., Recherches sur le Nouveau Testament et les apocryphes chrétiens. Rimini: Guaraldi, 2017.
_______. “Pour une édition critique de la deuxième tradition latine (L2) de l’ « Apocalypse de Paul » et des autres traditions « longues ».” Annali di studi religiosi 8 (2007): 405–24.
_______. Recherches sur le Nouveau Testament et les apocryphes chrétiens. Rimini: Guaraldi, 2017 (pp. 325–49).
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